~/.osx
Mathias Bynens’ aforementioned collection of OS X tweaks, updated for Mountain Lion.
My favourites:
# Expand save panel by default
defaults write NSGlobalDomain NSNavPanelExpandedStateForSaveMode -bool true
# Enable full keyboard access for all controls
# (e.g. enable Tab in modal dialogs)
defaults write NSGlobalDomain AppleKeyboardUIMode -int 3
# Disable auto-correct
defaults write NSGlobalDomain NSAutomaticSpellingCorrectionEnabled -bool false
# Disable the warning when changing a file extension
defaults write com.apple.finder FXEnableExtensionChangeWarning -bool false
# Show the ~/Library folder
chflags nohidden ~/Library
# Don’t show Dashboard as a Space
defaults write com.apple.dock "dashboard-in-overlay" -bool true
# Finder: allow text selection in Quick Look
defaults write com.apple.finder QLEnableTextSelection -bool true
(That last one is especially handy if you install QLStephen, which lets you view text files with Quick Look.)